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  • ืชืžื•ื ืช ื”ืกื•ืคืจ/ืชIris Eliya Cohen

ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื™ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืžื™ืœื” ืื—ืช - ื ืกื™ืขื”

1. ืงื™ืฅ 2005. ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืœื—ื•ืคืฉื” ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ืช ื‘ืžื™ื™ืŸ. ื‘ืืจืฅ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื”ืชื ืชืงื•ืช. ืžื”ืจ ืžืื“ ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื”ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ืฆืข ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืกื“ืจ ื’ื•ื“ืœ. ื‘ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื•ื‘ื ื—ื™ืฉื•ืช ืืจื–ื ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžื–ื•ื•ื“ื•ืช, ืฉืชื™ ืžืฆืœืžื•ืช (ืื—ืช ื”ืชืื‘ื“ื” ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืžืื—ื“ ื”ืฆื•ืงื™ื) ืฉื ื™ ืชื™ืงื™ ืฆื“, ืžื™ื, ื—ื˜ื™ืคื™ื, ืฉื ื™ ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื (ืื—ืช ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื•ืื—ื“ ื‘ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ื”) ืขื•ื“ ื“ืจื“ืง ื‘ืŸ ืฉืฉ ืฉืžืชืขืงืฉ ืœืกื™ื™ื (ืขื›ืฉื™ื•! ืขื›ืฉื™ื•! ืขื›ืฉื™ื•!) ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืคืื–ืœ ืืœืฃ ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• (ืœื ืื ื™) ืงื ื” ืœื• ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืœ ืจืคื™ืกื•ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ืช ื•ืขื•ื“ ืกื•ืคืจ ื“ืจื“ืง ื‘ืŸ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืืš ื“ืขืชืŸ ืœืžืฉืขื™ ืฉืžืชืขืงืฉ ืœืงื—ืช ืืชื• ืงืœื˜ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืœื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืงื•ืœื• ื”ื—ื•ืจืง ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืกื‘ืœ ื•ืขื•ื“ ืžืจ ื‘ืขืœ ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื˜ื— ื‘ื˜ื— ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ื ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืš ื›ื ืก ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ (ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜, ื›ืŸ?) ื•ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืขืœ ื”ืจืืฉ ืฉืœืš ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืืžืืฉ'ืš ื‘ื•ื ืชืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”"ื›ืคื›ืคื•ืช" ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžื›ื ื” ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ื“ืจื“ืง ืืช ื›ืคื›ืคื™ ื”ื™ื ื•ืœื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ื ื•ืขืœ ื›ืื•ืช ื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช ืขื ืžื•ืฉื ื”ืขืจืฆืชื• - ืžื’ืคื™ื™ื, ืื•, ื›ืœืฉื•ื ื•, "ืžื’ืคื•ืช" ื•ื‘ื•ื ื ืฆื ื›ื‘ืจ ืขื“ ืฉื ื’ื™ืข ืœืžื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ ื•ืื– ื‘ืืžืช ื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื›ื ืก ืฉืœืš.

ืื‘ืœ. ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืื•ื˜ื•.

ื”ืื•ื˜ื•, ืื™ืŸ ืฆืœ ืฉืœ ืกืคืง, ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืžืจื ื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืฉื›ื–ืืช ืžื”ื‘ื™ืช. ืžืฉื”ื• ืขื ืง ื•ืžืจื•ื•ื— ื‘ื—ื•ืฆืคื”. ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืจืง ืœื—ืœื•ื ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื” ื‘ืืจืฅ. ืจืง ื”ื’ืœื’ืœื™ื ืฉืœื• ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ืฆื•ื‘'ื™ืฉื™ ื”ืžืขืคื ื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื ื•. ื•ืชืืžื™ื ื• ืœื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืœืจื’'ื™ืช ืขื ื”ืžื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™ืฉื™. ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉืกืš ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” (ืฉืžื•ื ื”) ืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ ืกืš ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช, (ืฉื™ืฉื”), ืžื” ืฉืžื•ืชื™ืจ ืžืจื—ื‘ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื‘ื•ืืš ืœื”ืฉืชืœื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืื™ื ืชื™ืคืื“ื” ืฉืคื•ืจืฆืช ืžื™ื“ ื•ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืžื—ื“ืฉ, ืขื ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืืœื™ื•. ื”ื™ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉื‘ืช ืžืงื“ื™ืžื”. ื–ื”, ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืขื•ืฉื” ืœื• ืจืขืฉ ื‘ืื•ื–ืŸ ื™ืžื™ืŸ. ื–ื” ื”ืจืžืงื•ืœื™ื ื“ื•ืคืงื™ื ืœื• ื‘ืื•ื–ืŸ ืฉืžืืœ. ื–ืืช ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื ืฉื•ื ืžืงื“ื™ืžื”. ื–ื”, ื ืžืืก ืœื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ืœื•ื ืžื”ื—ืœื•ืŸ. ืืžื ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืœื—ืฆื™ ืฉืœื™. ืื‘ื ืชื ืžื™ืš ืช'ืžื–ื’ืŸ. ืืžื ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœื• ืฉืœื ื™ื™ืฉืขืŸโ€ฆ ืฉืขื•ืช ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืžืฉืš. ืื‘ืœ ืื™ื ืชื™ืคืื“ื” ืžื›ื ื™ืขื™ื ืจืง ื‘ื›ื•ื—, ื›ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืชื™ื ื•, ื•ืืžื ืื™ืจื™ืก ื ืจืชืžืช ืœืžืฉื™ืžื” ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืกื˜ืืœื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื—ื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื” ืขื•ื“ ืžื™ืžื™ื” ื›ืืกื™ืจืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ. "ืฉืงื˜!" ืื ื™ ืฆื•ืจื—ืช, ื•ืœืฉื‘ืจื™ืจ ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืžืฉืชืจืจ ืฉืงื˜, ืื• ื‘ื•ื ื ืืžืจ ื”ืœื ืงืœ. "ืžื”ื™ื•ื ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื!" ืื ื™ ืงื•ื‘ืขืช, "ื•ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื–ื– ืžื”ืžืงื•ื. ืžื™ ืฉื–ื– ืœื ืžืงื‘ืœ ืžืงื“ื•ื ืœื“!"

ืœื ื™ืื•ืžืŸ ืื‘ืœ ืฉืงื˜. ืื ื™ ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœื‘ืกืก ืืช ืžืขืžื“ื™ ื›ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื”. ืœืฉืขื” ืงืœื” ื ืจืื” ื”ืื•ื˜ื• ื›ืžื• ืžื•ืกื“ ื’ืจื™ืื˜ืจื™ ืงื˜ืŸ. ืžืœืžื•ืœื™ ื”ืžื—ืื” ืงืœื•ืฉื™ื. ื”ืžืขื ื•ืช ืžื›ืžื™ืจื•ืช ืœื‘. ืจื•ื— ื ื›ืื™ื ืงืœื” ืคื•ืกืขืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื™ื. ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืžื“ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกื ื˜ืจ - ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื ื™ื›ืจืช ื‘ื“ื™ื™ืจื™ื ืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื” ืขืœื•ืžื” ืœืกื•ืฃ ื”ื“ืจืš.

ืืœื ืฉืื–, ืคืจืกื˜ืจื•ื™ืงื”. ื ืžืฆื ืขื•ื“ ืกืœืข ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืฉืœื ื”ืชื—ืœืงื ื• ืขืœื™ื•. ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ืฉ ืขืœ ืžื” ืœื”ืชื•ื•ื›ื—. ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื–ื” ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ืื™ื–ื” ื“ื™ืกืง ืœืฉื™ื. ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืืช ืœื™ื™ื“ื™ ื’ื” ื’ื” ืžื” ืฉืžืขื•ืจืจ ืฉืืœื•ืช ื ื•ืงื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจ ื‘ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ื”. ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื• "ืื™ืš ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžืชื‘ืฆืข ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื˜ืจืื ืกื’'ื ื“ืจ." ืžื” ืื ื™ ืื’ื™ื“ ืœื›ื? ืœื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืคื™ืก ืื•ืฃ ืงื™ื™ืง ืœืžื™ ืฉืจืง ื‘ืฆื‘ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื” ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืžื™ื ื™ืช. ื•ื’ื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžืงืจื”. ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืžืื‘ื ืฉืœื• (ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืžื” ื”ื‘ืŸ ืื“ื ืœื•ืžื“ ืžืื– ืฉืื ื™ ืžื›ื™ืจื” ืื•ืชื• ืื ืœื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื ื•ืช ืœื™ืœื“ ืขืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช?) ื ื–ื›ืจ ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจ ื‘ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืืช ืœื™ื™ื“ื™ ื’ื” ื’ื”, ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืœืžื” ืืจืฆื™. ื”ื•ื ืžืงื‘ืœ ืกื™ื•ืข ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื ืฆืคื•ื™, "ื›ืŸ. ื›ืŸ." ืฆื•ืขืง ื‘ืŸ ื”ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื, "ื’ื ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืฉืœืžื” ืืจื˜ื™ืง." ื•ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืชืจื•ืขืช ื”ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจ ื‘ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ื” ื ืฉืžืขืช ืขื“ ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง, (ื”ื›ืœืœ ื”ื™ื” ืฉ"ื”ืจื•ื‘ ืงื•ื‘ืข") ืžื‘ืฆืข ื‘ืŸ ื”ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืชืคื ื™ืช ื—ื“ื” ื•ืžื•ื“ื™ืข, "ื‘ืขืฆื ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืืช ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืœื‘ืœ. ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืชื ืœื™ ืžืคืขื ืฉืขื‘ืจื” ืืช ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืœื‘ืœ."

"ืื•ื™, ืื ื™ ืžืฆื˜ืขืจืช ืžืชื•ืงื™." ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจืช ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืื ื™ ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืื™ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ืจื•ืขื”, "ืืช ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืœื‘ืœ ืฉืžื ื• ื‘ื‘ื’ืื–' ื•ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืชืจืื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ืกื˜ืจื“ื” ื•ืืกื•ืจ ืืกื•ืจ ืืกื•ืจ ืœืขืฆื•ืจ - " ืืœื ืฉืื– ืžื•ื—ื” ื”ืชืช-ืžืชื‘ื’ืจ, "ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื ืฉืืœืชื ืื•ืชื™ ืื™ื–ื” ื“ื™ืกืง ืื ื™ ื‘ื•ื—ืจ!" ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืœื ืกืชื ื“ื™ืœื’ื ื• ืขืœื™ื•. ืœืชืช ืžืชื‘ื’ืจ ื™ืฉ ืงื™ื‘ืขื•ืŸ. ืงื™ื‘ืขื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืฅ ื•ื“ืฅ ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื–ื”. ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœืฉืžื•ืข ื›ืœื•ื ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื˜ื™ืฃ ื•ื˜ืฃ 1. ืืคื™ืœื• ื˜ื™ืฃ ื•ื˜ืฃ 2 ืื• 3 ืื• 4 ืื•โ€ฆ ืœื ื‘ื ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ. ืจืง ื˜ื™ืฃ ื•ื˜ืฃ 1. ื•ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉื‘ื“ื™ืกืง ื”ื–ื” ืœื“ืฅ ืขื•ื“ ืื”ื‘ ืืช ื”ื“ืฆื” ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืžืฉ ืœื ืžื™ื”ืจ ืœื’ืžื•ืจ ื•ื–ื™ื›ื” ืืช ืžืขืจื™ืฆื™ื• ื”ื–ืื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉื™ืฉื” ืขืฉืจ ืฉื™ืจื™ื! ื ื—ืžื“ื™ื, ืืš ืœื ื‘ืฉืžื™ืขื” ื”ืืœืคื™ื™ื! ื”ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืกืชืขืจ, ืืœื ืฉืฉืชื™ ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžืชื—ื ืช ื”ื“ืœืง, ื”ืื•ื˜ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื—ืจื—ืจ, ื•ื ืขืฆืจ.

ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืžื™ืœื 95 ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื“ื™ื–ืœ. ื›ืŸ, ื›ืŸ. ืกื™ื•ื˜ ืžื”ื’ื™ื”ื ื•ื, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื ืกื™ืขื”, ืื– ื›ืฉืื’ื™ืข ืœ"ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื™ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืžื™ืœื” ืื—ืช - ื–ื•ื’ื™ื•ืช" ืชืงื‘ืœื• ืืช ื”ื”ืžืฉืš. (ืจื’ืข, ืžืชื™ ื”ื›ื ืก ืฉืœืš ืืžืจืช, ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ? ืืชื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื™ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื—ืœืฅ ืื•ืชื ื• ืขื“ ืื–?)


2. ืงื™ืฅ 1986. ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ. ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืก ื”ืฆื”ื•ื‘ โ€“ ืž. ืž. ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืžืขืœื”, ื‘ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื™ืจื•ืงื•ืช โ€“ ืฉืœื•ืงื— ืื•ืชื ื• ื›ืœ ื‘ื•ืงืจ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืงืจื™ื™ืช ืฉืžื•ื ื”, ืžืจื—ืง ื—ืฆื™ ืฉืขื” ื ืกื™ืขื” ืžื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื’ื“ืœืชื™, ืขื•ืฆืจ ืชืžื™ื“ ืื™ื–ื” ืขืฉืจื™ื ืžื˜ืจ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืชื—ื ื”. ื“ื•ึนื‘ึดื™ ื”ื ื”ื’ ื ื”ื ื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื• ืจืฆื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื•. ื ื”ื’ ื›ื™ ื™ืžืœื•ืš. ื“ื•ื‘ื™ ืฉื•ื ื ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื ื•ืžืชืขื‘ ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžื™ ืฉืื™ืชืจืข ืžื–ืœื• ืœื”ืฉืชื™ื™ืš ืœืื—ืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช, ืื• ื—ืœื™ืœื”, ืœืฉืชื™ื”ืŸ, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืจื•ื“ืฃ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืก ืขื“ ืงืจื™ื™ืช ืฉืžื•ื ื”.

ืื ื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืžื—ื™ื™ื›ืช ืืœื™ื• ื•ืื•ืžืจืช ืœื• ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื˜ื•ื‘. ื“ื•ื‘ื™ ื ื“ ื‘ืจืืฉื•. ืื ื™ ืžืžื”ืจืช ืœืชืคื•ืก ืžืงื•ื ืœื™ื“ ื”ื—ืœื•ืŸ. ื˜ืœ, ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื™, ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ืช ืœื™ื“ื™. ื”ื™ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื” ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ื•ืžืฉื ื ืช ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื. ืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ื™ืงื” ืืช ื”ืคืจืฆื•ืฃ ืœืฉืžืฉื”, ืžืžื™ืœื ืื ื™ ืœื ืงื•ืœื˜ืช ื›ืœื•ื ื•ื’ื ืœื—ื•ืฆื” ืžื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ, ืื– ืื ื™ ืžืกืชื›ืœืช ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”, ืžื” ื™ึทืœื“ ื™ื•ื ื•ืžื” ื”ืžืœื™ื˜ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข; ื’ื“ื•ืœื˜ืจ ืžื›ืจ ืช'ื•ื•ืœื•ื•. ื”ืืงืœื™ืคื˜ื•ืก ืœื ื–ื–. ื–ื•ื™ื” ื”ื–ืงื ื” ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื›ืŸ. ื”ื ื” ื”ื™ื, ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœืžื›ื•ืœืช -

ื•ืื– ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ืืช ืื‘ื™ืฉื’ื™, ื‘ืช ื›ื™ืชื” ืฉืœื™, ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื™ ืžืกืคืจ 2, ื™ื•ืฆืืช ืžื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื” ื‘ืจื™ืฆื”. ืื‘ื™ืฉื’ื™ ื”ื™ื ืžืื—ืจืช ื›ืจื•ื ื™ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื–ืืช ืื‘ื™ืฉื’ื™. ื•ื’ื ืœื” ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื•ื ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช. ืื ื™ ืฆื•ืขืงืช "ื“ื•ื‘ื™, ื“ื•ื‘ื™, ื—ื›ื”!" ื“ื•ื‘ื™ ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœื ืกื•ืข. ืื ื™ ืžืชืคืจืฆืช ืžื”ืžื•ืฉื‘, ืจืฆื” ืœืงื“ืžืช ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืก, "ื“ื•ื‘ื™!" ืื ื™ ืฆื•ืขืงืช ืžืขืœื™ื•, "ืื‘ื™ืฉื’ ืื™ื—ืจื” ืืช ื”ื”ืกืขื”... ืขืฆื•ืจ ืจื’ืข!"

ื“ื•ื‘ื™ ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœื ืกื•ืข.

"ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื!" "ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื”!" ื™ื•ืจื” ื”ื“ื•ื‘. "ืžื” ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื”?" ืื ื™ ืžืžืฉ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ืช. "ืื‘ื™ืฉื’... ื”ื™ื ืœื ืชื’ื™ืข ืœืžื‘ื—ืŸ."

ื“ื•ื‘ื™ ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœื ืกื•ืข.

ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืื‘ื™ืฉื’ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืœืžื‘ื—ืŸ. ืื•ืœื™ ืชืคืกื” ื˜ืจืžืค, ืื•ืœื™ ืจืฆื” ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš, ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื” ื”ืกื™ืขื• ืื•ืชื”. ื•ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืขื‘ืจื” ืื•ืชื•. ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืฉื“ื•ื‘ื™ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื ื›ืฉืœ.


3. ืงื™ืฅ 1980. ื˜ืœ ื•ืื ื™, ืฉืชื™ ื‘ื ื•ืช ื›ืคืจ ื‘ื ื•ืช 10-11 ื‘ืขืจืš, ืฉืžื•ืช ืคืขืžื™ื ื• ืœืขื™ืจ ื”"ื’ื“ื•ืœื”", ื”ืœื ื”ื™ื ืงืจื™ื™ืช ืฉืžื•ื ื”, ืฉื›ื ืชื ื• ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ.ย ืœื ื–ื•ื›ืจืช ืžื” ื‘ืขืจ ืœื ื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืคืจื ื• ืืช ืื—ื“ ื”ืœืื•ื•ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื ื™ืชื ื• ืœื ื• ืžืื– ื”ื•ืจืฉื™ื ื• ืœื ืกื•ืข ืœื‘ื“,ย ื•ื”ื—ืœื˜ื ื• ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ื˜ืจืžืคื™ื. ืขื•ื“ื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืžืช ืฉื“ื” ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ โ€“ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืžืขืœื”, ื•ืžื ื™ืคื•ืช ื™ื“ ื‘ืชื•ืจื ื•ืช, ื™ื“ ืื—ืช ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื™ื ื™ืช, ื™ื“ ืื—ืช ืฉื—ื•ืจื”, ืขื•ืฆืจ ืœื ื• ื’'ื™ืค ืฆื‘ืื™. "ื™ืฉ" ืื ื™ ืžืชืจื’ืฉืช,ย "ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื!"ย  ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ื›ื™ ืœื ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื, ืืœื ื—ื™ื™ืœ. ืž"ื’ื‘ื ื™ืง. ืฉืชื™ื ื• ื ื“ื—ืงื•ืช ืœืงื“ืžืช ื”ื’'ื™ืค, ืœื™ื“ ื”ื ื”ื’. ื›ืŸ. ืœื™ื“ ื”ื ื”ื’. ื›ืŸ. ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืชืžื™ืžื•ืช ื•ื˜ื™ืคืฉื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืฉื‘ื ื•ืช 13 ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ื“ืจืš ืื•ืžืจ ืœื ื• ื”ืž"ื’ื‘ื ื™ืง, "ืจื•ืฆื•ืช ืœืจืื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื•?"

"ืžื”?" ืื ื™ ืฉื•ืืœืช. ย  ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ, ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืœืขืจืš, ืขื•ื ื”: "ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื™ืคื•ืชโ€ฆ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”ย ืฉืœื™!" ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ื‘ื’ืื•ื•ื”.

"ื‘ื˜ื—!" ืื ื™ ืฆื•ื”ืœืช, "ื’ื ืื ื™ ืžืฆื™ื™ืจืช! ืื ื™ ืžืื“ ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืœืจืื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื." ื•ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ, ืœื ื—ื•ืœืคืช ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ื“ื•ื—ืง ื™ื“ ืืœ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื•ืฉื‘, ื•ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืžืขื˜ืคื” ืฆื‘ืื™ืช. "ื”ื ื”,ืงื—ื•! ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžืื“ ื™ืคื•ืช, ืชืขื‘ื™ืจื• ื‘ื™ื ื™ื›ืŸ."

ืื ื™ ืคื•ืชื—ืช ืืช ื”ืžืขื˜ืคื”, ื•ืžื•ืฆื™ืื” ืืช ื”"ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช", ื•ืœืขื™ื ื ื• ื”ืžืฉืชืื•ืช, ื ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื ืฉื™ื ืขื™ืจื•ืžื™ื, ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืชื ื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื•ืช, ืื™ืŸ ืœืชืืจ. ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืžื•ืฉื’ ืžื” ื–ื• ืื•ืจื’ื™ื”, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื•ืจื’ื™ื”.ย ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื ื•ืขื–ื•ืช,ย ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืžืขื˜ื”. ื•ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ ืฉื™ืฉื‘ ืœืฉืžืืœื ื• ื›ื™ื›ื‘ ื‘ื”ืŸ. (ืœืฆืขืจื™ ื ื™ื—ื ืชื™ ื‘ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ ืžืฉื•ื‘ื—.)

"ืžื” ื–ื”?" ืื ื™ ืžื’ืžื’ืžืช ืืœื™ื•, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืžืขื–ื” ืœืจื’ืข ืœื”ืขื™ืฃ ืœื• ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืคืจืฆื•ืฃ ืื• ืœื–ืจื•ืง ืื™ื–ื” ืงืœืœื”ย ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืคื“ื•ืคื™ืœื™ื” ืฉืœื•. ื’ื ืœื ืœืกืžืŸ ืœื˜ืœ ืœืคืชื•ื— ืืช ื”ื“ืœืช ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื ืกื™ืขื” ื•ืœื”ื™ืžืœื˜ ืขืœ ื ืคืฉื ื•. ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื›ืœืœ ืœื ืขื•ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื“ืขืชื™.

"ื™ืคื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ?" ื”ื•ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืจ ืœื™ ื‘ืฉืืœื”.

"ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขืช." ืื ื™ ืขื•ื ื”. ื–ื” ืœื ื™ืคื” ืœื“ืขืชื™. ื•ื–ื” ืžืคื—ื™ื“ ืื•ืชื™. ื•ื–ื” ืžื’ืขื™ืœ ืื•ืชื™. ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื”, ืื ื™ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื” ืื™ืš ื”ื‘ื•ืฉื” ืžืฆื™ืคื” ืื•ืชื™.

"ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื•ืช ื’ื? ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฆืœื ืื•ืชื›ื ื›ื›ื”."

ืื ื™ ืฉื•ืชืงืช ื•ืžื—ื–ื™ืจื” ืœื• ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช,ย ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื›ื ื™ืกื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช ืœืงืจื™ื™ืช ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืื ื™ ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืžืžื ื• ืœืขืฆื•ืจ. "ืžื”?" ืฉื•ืืœย ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™, "ืœื ืืžืจืชื ืฉืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืชื—ื ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช? ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืชื›ื ืขื“ ืœืฉืโ€ฆืขื“ ืื™ืคื” ืฉืชืจืฆื•."


4. ื•ืฉื ื™ ืฉื™ืจื™ ื ืกื™ืขื” ืฉืœื™.


ื›ึผึฐื‘ึดื™ืฉื ืฉืึตืฉื/ ืžืชื•ืš "ืคืœื-ืคื•ืืžื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ืจื™ื"


ื‘ึผึทื“ึผึถืจึถืšึฐ ืžึดื™ืจื•ึผืฉืึธืœึทื™ึดื ืœึฐื˜ึดื‘ึฐืขื•ึนืŸ, ื—ื•ึนืชึถื›ึถืช ื”ึทืžึผื•ึนื ึดื™ืช ืึถืช ื ึฐืชึดื™ื‘ึตื™ ื”ึทื ึผึฐืกึดื™ืขึธื”, ืžึธืฉืึธืœ ื”ึธื™ื•ึผ ืกึฐืœึดื™ืœึตื™ ื ึฐื™ึธืจ. ืื•ึนืจ ืึฒื“ึทืžึฐื“ึผึทื ื›ึผึฐื—ึทื‘ึผื•ึผืจึธื” ืžึทื›ึฐืชึผึดื™ื ืึถืช ื”ึทืฉึผืึฐืงึดื™ืขึธื”, ืคึผึดืชึฐืึนื ืื•ึนืžึตืจ ืœึดื™ ื’ึผึทื‘ึผึดื™ ื”ึทื ึผึทื”ึธื’: "ืึทืชึผึฐ ืžึฐืฉืื•ึนืจึถืจึถืช?" "ื›ึผึตืŸ, ืึถืคึฐืฉืึธืจ ืœื•ึนืžึทืจ," ืึฒื ึดื™ ืขื•ึนื ึธื” ื•ึฐื”ื•ึผื ืื•ึนืžึตืจ ืœื™ ื‘ึผึดืจึฐืฆึดื™ื ื•ึผืช ื’ึผึฐืžื•ึผืจึธื”: "ืึธื– ืชึผึดืงึฐืจึฐืึดื™ ืœึดื™ ืฉืึดื™ืจ," ืึถืคึฐืฉืึธืจ ืฉืึถื”ื•ึผื ืฆื•ึนื—ึตืง, ืฉืึดื™ืจึธื”? ื™ื•ึนืชึตืจ ืžึฐืขึทื ึฐื™ึฐื ึดื™ื ืื•ึนืชื•ึน ืคึผึดืœึฐืึตื™ ื‘ึผึตื™ืชึธ"ืจ ืฉืึถืœึผึดื™ ื‘ึผึตื™ืชึธ"ืจ, ืึทื—ึถืจึถืช ืœึนื ืชึผึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ืขื•ึนื“ ืžึดืœึผึฐื‘ึทื“ึผึตืšึฐ, (ื›ึผึธืœ ื”ึทื“ึผึถืจึถืšึฐ ืฉืึธืจ) "ืœึนื, ื“ึผึทื™," ืึฒื ึดื™ ืื•ึนืžึถืจึถืช ืึทืšึฐ ื”ื•ึผื ืžึดืชึฐืขึทืงึผึตืฉื, "ื ื•ึผ, ื‘ึผื•ึนืึดื™, ื ึดืฉืึฐืžึทืข ืื•ึนืชึธืšึฐ."

ืึฒื ึดื™ ืฉืื•ึนืœึถืคึถืช ืึถืช ืกึดืคึฐืจึดื™, ืงื•ึนืจึตืืช, "ื•ึฐืึธื– ื ึธืคึทืœ ืึธื‘ึดื™, ื•ึฐืœึนื ื‘ึผึทืงึฐึผืจึธื‘ ื ึธืคึทืœ, ืœึนื ืขึทืœ ื—ึทืจึฐื‘ึผื•ึน ื ึธืคึทืœ, ื‘ึผึทืžึผึทื“ึฐืจึตื’ื•ึนืช ืึธื‘ึดื™ - " ื•ึฐื’ึทื‘ึผึดื™ ืžึดืชึฐืจึทื’ึผึตืฉื, ื”ื•ึผื ืžึดืกึฐืชึผึทื›ึผึตืœ ืขึธืœึทื™: "ืฉืึถืœึผึธืšึฐ?" "ืฉืึถืœึผึดื™." ืึฒื ึดื™ ืžึทืขึฒืžึดื™ื“ึธื” ืคึผึธื ึดื™ื ืฉืึถื™ึผึตืฉื ืœึดื™ ืœึตื‘ ืึทืกึฐืคึทืœึฐื˜, "ืึธื– ืขื•ึนื“ ืึถื—ึธื“." ื”ื•ึผื ืžึฐื‘ึทืงึผึตืฉื, ืึฒื ึดื™ ืงื•ึนืจึตืืช ืœื•ึน ืขื•ึนื“ ืึถื—ึธื“ ื•ึฐืขื•ึนื“ ืึถื—ึธื“ ื•ึฐืขื•ึนื“ ื”ึทืจึฐื‘ึผึตื”. ืฉืึดื™ืจึทื™ ืžึฐื“ึทืžึผึฐืžึดื™ื ืขึทืœ ื”ึทืžึผื•ึนืฉืึธื‘, ืขึทื›ึฐืฉืึธื• ื”ื•ึผื ื›ึผึฐื‘ึธืจ ื‘ึผื•ึนื›ึถื”, ืขึธืœึทื™ ื•ึฐื’ึทื ืขึธืœึธื™ื•, ื•ึฐื”ื•ึผื ืื•ึนืžึตืจ ืœึดื™, "ืฉืึถืชึผึตื“ึฐืขึดื™ ืœึธืšึฐ ื”ึทื™ึผึฐืงื•ึผื ื”ึทื–ึผึถื” ื›ึผึปืœึผื•ึน ื”ึดืฉืึฐืชึผึทืงึผึฐืคึปื™ึผื•ึนืช ืœึธื›ึตืŸ ื ึดืจึฐืึถื” ืœึดื™ ืฉืึถื‘ึผึฐื“ึดื™ึผื•ึผืง ื‘ึผึฐืจึถื’ึทืข ื–ึถื”, ื ื•ึนื”ึตื’ ืึธื‘ึดื™ืšึฐ ื‘ึผึฐืึตื™ื–ึถื” ื›ึผึฐื‘ึดื™ืฉื ืžึธื”ึดื™ืจ ืœึฐืึทื˜, ืžึทืงึฐืจึดื™ื ืœึทืžึผึทืœึฐืึธื›ึดื™ื ืฉืึถืžึผึฐืœึทื•ึผึดื™ื ืื•ึนืชื•ึน, ืฉืึดื™ืจึตื™ ื’ึผึทืขึฐื’ึผื•ึผืขึดื™ื ืึตืœึทื™ึดืšึฐ."

ื ึฐืกึดื™ืขึธื”/ ืžืชื•ืš "ืคืœื-ืคื•ืืžื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ืจื™ื"


ืึดื ื”ึทื—ึทื™ึผึดื™ื ื”ึตื ืžึฐื›ื•ึนื ึดื™ืช

ืึธื– ืœึฐืขึดืชึผึดื™ื

ืึฒื ึดื™ ื—ื•ึนื–ึถืจึถืช ื‘ึผึฐื”ึดืœึผื•ึผืšึฐ ืึดื˜ึผึดื™

ืึถืœ ื™ึทืœึฐื“ื•ึผืชึดื™

ื‘ึผึฐืชื•ึนืšึฐ ืžึทืจึฐืึทืช ื”ึทืฆึผึทื“ ื›ึผึฐืœื•ึผืื•ึนืช

ืฉืึฐืชึผึตื™ ืฆึดืคึผึณืจึดื™ื ืงึฐื˜ึทื ึผื•ึนืช

ื—ึทื’ึผื•ึนืช ื‘ึผึตื™ืŸ ื™ึฐืจึดื™ืขื•ึนืช ื”ึทื ึผึทื™ึฐืœื•ึนืŸ ืฉืึถืœ

ื”ึทืžึผึดืฉืึฐืชึผึธืœึธื” ื•ึฐื”ึทื‘ึผึฐืจึตื›ึธื” ืฉืึถื”ึดืชึฐืจื•ึนืงึฐื ึธื”

ื›ึผึฐืžื•ึน ื”ึธืขื•ึนืœึธื ืžึดืงึผึทื™ึดืฅ.

ืžึทื’ึผึทืœ ืฉืึถืœ ื™ึทืชึผื•ึผืฉืึดื™ื ืขื•ึนืจึตืฃ ืฉืึดืœึฐื”ึตื™ ื’ึผึทื’ึผื•ึนืช

ื–ึฐืจื•ึนืขื•ึนืช ืขึธื‘ื•ึนืช ืฉืึถืœ ืึตื™ืงึธืœึดื™ืคึผึฐื˜ื•ึผืก ืžึฐืชึปืœึผึธืข

ืžึดืŸ ื”ึธืึถื’ึฐื–ื•ึนื– ื ึดืคึฐืœึธื˜

ื ึฐื—ึดื™ืœ ืฉืึถืœ ื–ึดื›ึฐืจื•ึนื ื•ึนืช.


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ืึฒื ึดื™ ื ึดื–ึฐื›ึผึถืจึถืช ื‘ึผึทื™ึผื•ึนื ึธื”

ืฉืึถื”ึปื“ึฐื‘ึผึฐืจึธื” ื•ึฐื ึดื—ึฒืชึธื”

ืขึทืœ ืฉื‚ึดื™ื—ึท ื”ึทื•ึผึฐืจึธื“ึดื™ื ืฉืึถื‘ึผึทื’ึผึดื ึผึธื”,

ื•ึฐื ึดืชึฐืงึฐืขึธื” ื‘ึผึตื™ืŸ ื”ึทืงึผื•ึนืฆึดื™ื ื•ึฐื”ึถืขึธืœึดื™ื

ืึถืช ื”ึถืœึถื ืžึทื‘ึผึธื˜ึธื”

ื”ึทืžึผึตืช, ืฉืื•ึนืึตืœ,

ื”ึทืึดื ื™ึธื“ึทืขึฐืชึผึฐ ืžึดื–ึผึถื”?

ืœึตื™ืœื•ึนืช ืฉืึฐืœึตืžึดื™ื ืึทื—ึฒืจึตื™

ืฉืึธืžึทืขึฐืชึผึดื™ ืึถืช ื ึฐื”ึดื™

ื”ึทื’ึผื•ึนื–ึธืœึดื™ื


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ื”ึธื™ึดื™ืชึดื™ ื‘ึผึทืช ืึทืจึฐื‘ึผึทืข ืขึถืฉื‚ึฐืจึตื” ื›ึผึฐืฉืึถื ึผึดืฉึผืึฐืงื•ึผ ืื•ึนืชึดื™

ืœึธืจึดืืฉืื•ึนื ึธื”

ืขึทืœ ื”ึทืกึผึทืคึฐืกึธืœ ื‘ึผึทืชึผึทื—ึฒื ึธื”

ื‘ึผึฐืคึทืึฒืชึตื™ ืงึดืจึฐื™ึทืช ืฉืึฐืžื•ึนื ึธื”

ืœึทื ึผึฐืฉืึดื™ืงึธื” ื”ึธื™ึธื” ืžึทื‘ึผึธื˜ ืžึปืคึฐืจึธืข, ืฉืึถืึธื– ื ึดืจึฐืึธื”

ืœึดื™, ืึตื™ืšึฐ ืœื•ึนืžึทืจ? ื ื•ึผื’ึถื” ืžึฐืขึทื˜, ืื•ึผืœึทื™ ืกึฐืชึธื•ึดื™

ื•ึฐืจึตื™ื—ึท ืฉืึถืœ ืกึดื™ื’ึทืจึฐื™ื•ึนืช ืงึถื ึฐื˜

ื•ึฐืฉืึถืœ ืฉืึดืขื•ึผืœ

ื›ึผึธืšึฐ ืื•ึน ื›ึผึธืšึฐ,

ื”ึดืจึฐืฉืึดื™ื ืื•ึนืชึดื™ ืžึฐืึนื“ ืฉืึถื”ึดื™ื

ืขึธืฉื‚ึฐืชึธื” ืึถืช ื›ึผึธืœ ื”ึทื“ึผึถืจึถืšึฐ ืžึดืŸ ื”ึทื›ึผึฐืจึทืšึฐ

ื”ึทืžึผึฐืคึปืชึผึธื— ืฉืึถืœ ืชึผึตืœ ืึธื‘ึดื™ื‘

ืœึทืคึผึถืจึดื™ืคึถืจึฐื™ึธื” ื”ึทืฆึผึฐืคื•ึนื ึดื™ืช

ื”ึดื™ื ื ึดืคึฐืกึฐืงึธื” ื›ึผึฐืฉืึถื‘ึผึดืžึฐืงื•ึนื ื”ึธืื•ึนื˜ื•ึนื‘ึผื•ึผืก

ืขึธืฆึฐืจึธื” ืžื•ึผืœึตื ื•ึผ ืžึฐื›ื•ึนื ึดื™ืช: (ืื•ึนืคึผึตืœ ืกึฐื˜ึตื™ึฐืฉืึถืŸ ืฆึฐื”ึปื‘ึผึธื”)

ืฉืึถื‘ึผึธื”ึผ ื ึธื”ึทื’ ืึธื‘ึดื™


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ื”ึดื ึผึตื” ืคึผึทืจึฐื“ึผึตืก ื”ึธืึถืฉืึฐื›ึผื•ึนืœึดื™ึผื•ึนืช ื•ึฐืชึทืคึผื•ึผื–ึตื™ ื”ึทื“ึผึธื

ืฉืึถืฉึผืึธืชึฐืชื•ึผ ืคึผึตืจื•ึนืช, ืึทื—ึฒืจึธื™ื•

ืžึทื˜ึผึทืข ื”ึทืฉึผืึฐื–ึดื™ืคึดื™ื ื”ึทืฆึผึฐื”ึปื‘ึผึดื™ื, ื”ึทื‘ึผึฐืจื•ึนืฉื

ื‘ึผึดื‘ึฐืงึดื™ืขึท ืฉืึถื ึผึดืคึฐืขึทืจ ื‘ึผึฐื’ื•ึผืฃ ื’ึผึดื–ึฐืขื•ึน

ื”ึถื—ึฐื‘ึผึตืืชึดื™ ืžึดืกึฐืชึผื•ึนืจึดื™ืŸ, ื›ึผึฐืฉืึธืคึดื™ื, ืงึฐืœึธืคึดื™ื

ื‘ึผึฐืฆึตืœ ื”ึทืชึผึฐืึตื ึธื” ื’ึผึดืœึผึดื™ืชึดื™

ืึตื™ืšึฐ ื ึดืจึฐืึตื™ืช ืชึผึฐืฉืื•ึผืงึธื”

ื•ึฐืกึทืงึฐืจึธื ื•ึผืช, ืžึธื” ื˜ึทืขึฒืžึธื”ึผ ืฉืึถืœ ื”ึทื‘ึผื•ึผืฉืึธื”

ื’ึผึทืขึฐื’ึผื•ึผืขึดื™ื ื ื•ึนืงึฐืฉืึดื™ื ื‘ึผึทื–ึผึดื›ึฐืจื•ึนื ื•ึนืช

ื›ึผึฐืžื•ึน ื˜ึดืคึผื•ึนืช ืžึทืœึฐืงื•ึนืฉื

ืขึทืœ ื”ึทืฉึผืึดืžึฐืฉืึธื”


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ื•ึฐืœึดืคึฐืขึธืžึดื™ื (ื ึนืืžึทืจ, ืขึทื›ึฐืฉืึธื•) ืึฒื ึดื™ ื ึดืชึฐืงึทืขึทืช ื‘ึผึทื“ึผึฐืจึธื›ึดื™ื

ื‘ึผึฐืœึดื™ ื“ึผึถืœึถืง, ื‘ึผึฐืœึดื™ ืึฒื•ึดื™ืจ

ืžึฐื›ึทืœ ืœึดื‘ึผึดื™ ืฉืื•ึนืžึตื


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ื”ึธืึตื™ืŸ ืึถื—ึธื“ ืึฒื‘ึธืœ ืžื•ึนืชื•ึน

ื”ื•ึผื ืชึผึฐืื•ึผื ึธื” ืงึธืฉืึธื”

ืขึดื ื ึดืคึฐื’ึผึธืขึดื™ื ืจึทื‘ึผึดื™ื

ื•ึฐืึดืžึผึธื โ€“

ื”ึดื™ื ื”ึธื™ึฐืชึธื” ืฆึดื•ึฐืชึตื™ ื”ึทื”ึทืฆึผึธืœึธื”


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ื‘ึผึฐืกึถื“ึถืง ื”ึทื—ึปืจึฐืฉืึธื” ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื”ึธื™ึฐืชึธื” ืœึธื ื•ึผ ืžึดื’ึฐืจึทืฉื ื”ึทืžึผึดืฉื‚ึฐื—ึธืงึดื™ื

ื›ึผึฐืฉืึถื”ึธื™ึดื™ื ื•ึผ ื™ึฐืœึธื“ึดื™ื

ืึฒื ึดื™ ืขื•ึนืจึถืžึถืช ื–ึดื›ึฐืจื•ึนื ื•ึนืช

ื›ึผึฐืžื•ึน ื–ึฐืจึธื“ึดื™ื

ื•ึผืžึทืฆึผึดื™ืชึธื” ืึถืช ืžึฐื“ื•ึผืจึทืช ื ึทืคึฐืฉืึดื™


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ื‘ึผึฐื‘ึตื™ืช ืึธื‘ึดื™ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื”ึปืฉื‚ึฐื›ึผึทืจ ืžึตืึธื–, ืจึปืงึผึทืŸ,

ื›ึผึปื ึทึผืก, ื ึปื›ึทืก ื•ึฐืฉืื•ึผื‘

ื”ึปืฉื‚ึฐื›ึผึทืจ, ื•ึฐืึธื– ื”ึปื ึฐื‘ึผึทื ึฐืง

ื•ึฐืึธื– ืคึผึปื ึผึธื”

ื•ึฐืึธื–, ืึทื—ึฒืจึตื™ ืขึถืฉื‚ึฐืจื•ึนืช ืœึตื™ืœื•ึนืช ืœึฐืœึนื ืฉืึตื ึธื”

ื ึดืงึฐื ึธื”

ื›ึผึฐืœื•ึนืžึทืจ, ื ึผึดืœึฐืงึทื—

ื ึดื’ึฐื–ึทืœ, ื ึปืฉึผืึทืœ

ื‘ึผึดื™ื“ึตื™ ื”ึทืžึผึฐืขึทืงึผึฐืœึดื™ื ื”ึธืึทืžึผึดื™ืฆึดื™ื

ืฉืึถืœ ื‘ึผึทื ึฐืง ื”ึทืคึผื•ึนืขึฒืœึดื™ื,

ื•ึผืœึฐืชึดืคึฐืึถืจึถืช ื”ึทืžึผึฐื“ึดื™ื ึธื”

ืœึธืžึทื“ึฐืชึผึดื™ ืžึทื”ึดื™ ื ึฐืชึดื™ื ึธื”.


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ืึฒื ึดื™ ื ึดื–ึฐื›ึผึถืจึถืช ืฉืื•ึผื‘ ื‘ึผึทืฉึผืึถืœึถื˜

ืฉืึถื ึผึดื›ึฐื ึทืกึฐืชึผึดื™ ื‘ึผื•ึน, ื‘ึผึฐืœึดื™ ื›ึผึทื•ึผึธื ึธื”

(ืคึผึฐื ึดื™ึผึธื” ืœึนื ื ึฐื›ื•ึนื ึธื”)

ื‘ึผึฐืžึทืขึฒืจึทื‘ ืึทืจึฐืฆื•ึนืช ื”ึทื‘ึผึฐืจึดื™ืช

ืœึดืคึฐื ึตื™ ื›ึผึดืžึฐืขึทื˜ ืขึถืฉื‚ึฐืจึดื™ื ืฉืึธื ึธื”

ึฐ

ื“ึผึถื“ ืึถื ึฐื“, ื”ึธื™ึธื” ื›ึผึธืชื•ึผื‘ ืขึธืœึธื™ื•

ื›ึผึดื ึฐื‘ื•ึผืึทืช ืึฑืžึถืช.

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ืฉืื•ึผื‘ ื”-waze ืžึทื˜ึฐืขึถื” ืื•ึนืชึดื™

ืื•ึนืžึตืจ ื‘ึผึฐืงื•ึนืœ ื—ึฒืกึทืจ ื‘ึผึดื™ื ึธื”: ืขึดืฆึฐืจึดื™

ื”ึดื’ึผึทืขึฐืชึผึฐ ืœึทื™ึผึทืขึทื“


ื”ื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืžืชื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœื™: ืื•ืจื™ื”, ืื™ืชืŸ ื•ืืกืฃ, ืกืชื™ื• 2010.

ื•ืฉื™ืจ ื ืกื™ืขื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื™ืคื”

284 ืฆืคื™ื•ืช0 ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช
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